Factores de riesgo para enfermedad respiratoria en población de 5 a 14 años de una Localidad de Bogotá, 2012-2013 / Respiratory disease risk factors in the 5-14 year-old population in an area of Bogota, 2012-2013

Objetivo Establecer la prevalencia de síntomas respiratorios, asma y rinitis, posiblemente asociados a la contaminación del aire en niños entre 5 y 14 años, en la localidad de Bosa, año 2012-2013. Métodos Se tomó una muestra de 553 niños residentes en la localidad de Bosa. Resultados Cuando el niño habita con personas que fuman tiene 1,5 veces más de riesgo de toser en la noche respecto a los niños cuyos contactos no fuman. Los niños que habitan en viviendas con chimeneas a menos de 100 m de distancia tienen 1,6 veces la probabilidad de presentar el síntoma. Quienes asisten al colegio de mayor exposición y además tienen edificaciones en construcción o vías en mal estado a menos de 100 m de sus viviendas, presentan 2,5 veces la posibilidad de manifestar el evento. En cuanto a presentar sibilancias en el último año, los niños que tienen humedades en su habitación presentan 4 veces la probabilidad de manifestarlas. Hay un incremento del riesgo de sibilancias en un 80 % cuando el niño vive a menos de 100 m de edificaciones en construcción o vías sin pavimentar y además asiste al colegio de mayor exposición. Conclusiones Son tan importantes las intervenciones gubernamentales para la modificación de los factores de riesgo extramurales asociados a la enfermedad respiratoria como las mejoras que deben llevarse a cabo extramuralmente.(AU)

Objective Establishing the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, asthma and rhinitis, possibly associated with air pollution, in 5- to 14-year-old children in Bosa (a conurbation of Bogota), between 2012 and 2013. Methods A sample was taken of 553 children living in the conurbation. Results The results indicated that when a child lives with people who smoke there was a 1.5 times risk of coughing at night (compared to living in a non-smoking home) such night-time coughing being different to that produced by respiratory infections such as colds, bronchitis and pneumonia. Children living in homes having fireplaces/open cooking areas located less than 100 m apart had 1.6 times greater probability of presenting symptoms. Children attending schools having greater PM10 exposure and living near buildings being constructed or having roads in a poor state of repair less than 100 meters from their homes were 2.5 times more likely to suffer respiratory disease. Children living in damp rooms were 4 times more likely to have wheezed during the past year. The risk of wheezing became increased by 80 % when a child lived within 100 meters of buildings being constructed or near unpaved roads and attended a school having greater exposure. Conclusion Government intervention is critical for changing respiratory disease-associated extramural risk factors, such as improvements benefitting children which should be carried out in urban areas.(AU)

Efectos auditivos y neuropsicológicos por exposición a ruido ambiental en escolares, en una localidad de Bogotá, 2010 / The auditory and neuropsychological effects of school children's exposure to environmental noise in a locality in Bogotá, 2010

Objetivo Evaluar el efecto que ejerce el ruido ambiental en la salud auditiva, la aparición de síntomas neuropsicológicos, el desarrollo de actividades educativas y el descanso en estudiantes de una localidad en Bogotá. Metodología Estudio transversal de prevalencia en niños y adolescentes (n=581) de 10-17 años en dos instituciones educativas distritales definidas como de mayor exposición (>65dB) y de menor exposición (<65dB) según el mapa de ruido ambiental de la localidad, clasificación verificada posteriormente. Se aplicó una encuesta de antecedentes de salud, percepción de la exposición a ruido, hábitos relacionados con salud auditiva y una audiometría tonal liminal de la vía aérea, usando criterios recomendados en la guía GATI-HNIR. Resultados El colegio más expuesto excedía la normatividad para la zona de tranquilidad (7/8 mediciones), los niveles de las dos instituciones sobrepasan la recomendación de la OMS (15/16 mediciones). El 14,8 % de los estudiantes presentaban algún grado de Hipoacusia, no se identificaron diferencias según exposición, sin embargo, al comparar los promedios de umbral auditivo, fueron mayores en el grupo de mayor exposición. Se encontró más prevalencia de hipoacusia y síntomas neuropsicológicos en la jornada mañana, y del reporte de síntomas otológicos y dificultad para dormir en estudiantes con mayor exposición. Conclusión Existe diferencia entre los umbrales auditivos de los estudiantes según la exposición, lo cual podría sugerir alguna asociación con los niveles de ruido a los que se encuentran expuestos.

Objective Evaluating the effect of environmental noise on the auditory health of a group of students from a locality in Bogotá, their educational development and leisure activities and the appearance of neuropsychological symptoms. Methods This was an observational cross-sectional prevalence study in a sample of 581, 10-17 year-old children and adolescents in two district educational institutions, defined as higher (>65 dB) and lower exposure (<65 dB) according to an environmental noise map of the locality, such ranking being subsequently verified. A survey was made regarding their health-related background, perception of being exposed to noise and auditory health-related habits; a liminal tone audiometry of the airway was taken using the criteria recommended in the Infrastructure Technical Advisory Group'snoise-induced hearing loss (ITAG-NIHL) guidelines. Results The more exposed school exceeded the regulations concerning comfortable environmental noise levels (7/8 measurements). Both institutions' levels exceeded WHO recommendations (15/16 measurements); 14.8 % of students had some degree of hearing loss. No significant differences were identified regarding exposure; however, higher thresholds were found in the more exposed group when comparing mean hearing threshold. Students attending morning sessions had a greater prevalence of hearing loss and neuropsychological symptoms and neuro-otological symptoms and difficulty in sleeping was reported amongst the more exposed students. Conclusion A difference was found between students' hearing thresholds, depending on their exposure, suggesting an association with the levels of noise to which they are exposed.

[The auditory and neuropsychological effects of school children's exposure to environmental noise in a locality in Bogotá, 2010]. / Efectos auditivos y neuropsicológicos por exposición a ruido ambiental en escolares, en una localidad de Bogotá, 2010.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluating the effect of environmental noise on the auditory health of a group of students from a locality in Bogotá, their educational development and leisure activities and the appearance of neuropsychological symptoms. METHODS: This was an observational cross-sectional prevalence study in a sample of 581, 10-17 year-old children and adolescents in two district educational institutions, defined as higher (>65 dB) and lower exposure (<65 dB) according to an environmental noise map of the locality, such ranking being subsequently verified. A survey was made regarding their health-related background, perception of being exposed to noise and auditory health-related habits; a liminal tone audiometry of the airway was taken using the criteria recommended in the Infrastructure Technical Advisory Group'snoise-induced hearing loss (ITAG-NIHL) guidelines. RESULTS: The more exposed school exceeded the regulations concerning comfortable environmental noise levels (7/8 measurements). Both institutions' levels exceeded WHO recommendations (15/16 measurements); 14.8 % of students had some degree of hearing loss. No significant differences were identified regarding exposure; however, higher thresholds were found in the more exposed group when comparing mean hearing threshold. Students attending morning sessions had a greater prevalence of hearing loss and neuropsychological symptoms and neuro-otological symptoms and difficulty in sleeping was reported amongst the more exposed students. CONCLUSION: A difference was found between students' hearing thresholds, depending on their exposure, suggesting an association with the levels of noise to which they are exposed.

[Respiratory disease risk factors in the 5-14 year-old population in an area of Bogota, 2012-2013]. / Factores de riesgo para enfermedad respiratoria en población de 5 a 14 años de una Localidad de Bogotá, 2012-2013.

OBJECTIVE: Establishing the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, asthma and rhinitis, possibly associated with air pollution, in 5- to 14-year-old children in Bosa (a conurbation of Bogota), between 2012 and 2013. METHODS: A sample was taken of 553 children living in the conurbation. RESULTS: The results indicated that when a child lives with people who smoke there was a 1.5 times risk of coughing at night (compared to living in a non-smoking home) such night-time coughing being different to that produced by respiratory infections such as colds, bronchitis and pneumonia. Children living in homes having fireplaces/open cooking areas located less than 100 m apart had 1.6 times greater probability of presenting symptoms. Children attending schools having greater PM10 exposure and living near buildings being constructed or having roads in a poor state of repair less than 100 meters from their homes were 2.5 times more likely to suffer respiratory disease. Children living in damp rooms were 4 times more likely to have wheezed during the past year. The risk of wheezing became increased by 80 % when a child lived within 100 meters of buildings being constructed or near unpaved roads and attended a school having greater exposure. CONCLUSION: Government intervention is critical for changing respiratory disease-associated extramural risk factors, such as improvements benefitting children which should be carried out in urban areas.